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揭开“犬之间体型差异巨大”之谜

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发表于 2008-1-13 20:22:02 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
<span><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><span><strong>揭开“犬之间体型差异巨大”之谜<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></strong></span></p><p style="WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face=宋体>狗是狼的后代,它们在大约<span lang=EN-US>1.5</span>万年前由狼演化而来,人类从<span lang=EN-US>1.5</span>万年前至<span lang=EN-US>1.2</span>万年前开始驯养狗,狗也是人类最早驯养的动物,因此被称为<span lang=EN-US>“</span>人类的好朋友<span lang=EN-US>”</span>。到现在,狗已经分为数百种,体型小的狗比如吉娃娃只有十几厘米高,体型大的狗比如大丹犬身高<span lang=EN-US>(</span>背高<span lang=EN-US>)</span>都在<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="70" UnitName="厘米"><span lang=EN-US>70</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>以上,体重在<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="60" UnitName="公斤"><span lang=EN-US>60</span>公斤</st1:chmetcnv>左右,吉尼斯世界纪录中世界上最高的狗是美国加利福尼亚州的一条大丹犬吉布森,它直立时身高竟然高达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="2.18" UnitName="米"><span lang=EN-US>2.18</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。此外,狗的毛色也千差万别,从白色到黑、红、灰或棕都有。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  在动物学分类里面,狗属于脊索动物门,哺乳纲,食肉目,犬科,犬属,狼种,家犬亚种,因此不管现代狗的外表差别有多大,它们都是<span lang=EN-US>“</span>兄弟姐妹<span lang=EN-US>”</span>。但狗却是哺乳动物中体型变化跨度最大的种类。为了解释其中的原因,一个国际研究小组对狗进行了长期的研究。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  在<span lang=EN-US>6</span>日出版的《科学》杂志上,这个研究小组发布报告称,狗的体型变化跨度如此之大,是由特定的<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>片断决定的。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  <span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>决定狗的大小</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  美国国家人类基因组研究所首席癌症遗传学家伊莱恩<span lang=EN-US>·</span>奥斯特兰德是这个科研小组的负责人,该论文的作者一共包括国家人类基因组研究所、康奈尔大学、犹他大学等多家机构的<span lang=EN-US>21</span>名科学家。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  这项研究最先开始于论文作者之一,犹他大学的戈登<span lang=EN-US>·</span>拉克教授,几年前,他家的一条葡萄牙水犬<span lang=EN-US>“</span>乔基<span lang=EN-US>”</span>死了,当他想再领养一条新葡萄牙水犬的时候,他了结到这种狗的体型差异非常大,大的可以重达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="75" UnitName="磅"><span lang=EN-US>75</span>磅</st1:chmetcnv>,小得只有<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="25" UnitName="磅"><span lang=EN-US>25</span>磅</st1:chmetcnv>。作为遗传学家,他对这一现象发生了兴趣,因此他启动了<span lang=EN-US>“</span>乔基计划<span lang=EN-US>”</span>,开始研究葡萄牙水犬的基因。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  随后,奥斯特兰德等科学家参与进这项研究,并把研究范围扩大到所有的狗。他们对<span lang=EN-US>143</span>个品种的总共<span lang=EN-US> 3241</span>只狗进行了<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>分析,其中包括卷毛比雄犬、吉娃娃犬、马耳他犬、波美罗尼亚犬、玩具贵宾犬、八哥犬、北京犬等小型犬种,以及圣伯纳德犬、纽芬兰犬、 藏獒、大丹犬、爱尔兰猎狼犬和贵宾犬等大型犬种。结果发现,所有小型狗中都存在一种特殊的遗传标记,而这一遗传标记鲜见于大型狗品种中,论文得出结论称:<span lang=EN-US>“</span>这一遗传标记是决定小型狗个头的主要因素。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US>” <br /><br /></span>  这一遗传标记位于小型狗的第<span lang=EN-US>15</span>号染色体上,包括一段特殊的<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>调控序列和胰岛素样生长因子<span lang=EN-US>1(IGF1)</span>基因。此前科研人员在以人、老鼠等为对象的研究中发现,胰岛素样生长因子<span lang=EN-US>1</span>与哺乳动物的体型大小以及生长发育有关。 <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"><font size=3> 小型犬出现较晚</font></span><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  研究人员介绍说,这一特定组合的遗传标记在基因研究中被称作一个</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">单倍型</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。在小型狗的生长发育中,单倍型中的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">DNA</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">调控序列会使狗的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">IGF1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">基因活动减弱,造就了小型狗的较小个头。对于中型或大型狗来说,它们体内也有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">IGF1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">基因,但不像小型狗一样还要受到</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">配套</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">的调控基因管制,因此长个儿时更加</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">自由</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  狗在大约</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前从狼中演化而来,人类大概从</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前至</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前开始驯养狗。由于人类在养狗的时候进行了选择性育种,因此在</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万多年间形成数百个狗种。拉克还特别指出,小型犬是近几百年才出现的犬种。研究小组说,接下来他们将继续进行狗的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">DNA</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">分析,找出决定狗的其他特点的基因,比如狗的行为、狗的疾病等是由哪些特定基因掌控的。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  影响:研究狗对人类有益</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  奥斯特兰德在接受采访还表示,他们研究的意义不仅在于发现狗的进化秘密,了解特定基因怎样控制动物生长,还能够帮助科学家发现癌症等疾病细胞的生长原因,因为这些疾病细胞也是由于基因变异而生成的。她还指出,人类在外表、体型、肤色上也是千差万别,该研究也有助于解释其中的奥秘。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  拉克则表示,有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">~</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">种疾病是人和狗都会得的,包括高血压、自身免疫性疾病以及癌症等。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">狗的生活环境也跟人类基本相同,因此对狗的研究对人类会有很大帮助。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">拉克说。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  美国犬类健康协会的专家杰夫</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">·</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">索萨曼也表示,</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">犬科动物有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">85%</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">的基因于人类相同,因此对狗的研究肯定对人类有益。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span></font><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face=宋体>狗是狼的后代,它们在大约<span lang=EN-US>1.5</span>万年前由狼演化而来,人类从<span lang=EN-US>1.5</span>万年前至<span lang=EN-US>1.2</span>万年前开始驯养狗,狗也是人类最早驯养的动物,因此被称为<span lang=EN-US>“</span>人类的好朋友<span lang=EN-US>”</span>。到现在,狗已经分为数百种,体型小的狗比如吉娃娃只有十几厘米高,体型大的狗比如大丹犬身高<span lang=EN-US>(</span>背高<span lang=EN-US>)</span>都在<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="70" UnitName="厘米"><span lang=EN-US>70</span>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>以上,体重在<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="60" UnitName="公斤"><span lang=EN-US>60</span>公斤</st1:chmetcnv>左右,吉尼斯世界纪录中世界上最高的狗是美国加利福尼亚州的一条大丹犬吉布森,它直立时身高竟然高达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="2.18" UnitName="米"><span lang=EN-US>2.18</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。此外,狗的毛色也千差万别,从白色到黑、红、灰或棕都有。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  在动物学分类里面,狗属于脊索动物门,哺乳纲,食肉目,犬科,犬属,狼种,家犬亚种,因此不管现代狗的外表差别有多大,它们都是<span lang=EN-US>“</span>兄弟姐妹<span lang=EN-US>”</span>。但狗却是哺乳动物中体型变化跨度最大的种类。为了解释其中的原因,一个国际研究小组对狗进行了长期的研究。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  在<span lang=EN-US>6</span>日出版的《科学》杂志上,这个研究小组发布报告称,狗的体型变化跨度如此之大,是由特定的<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>片断决定的。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  <span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>决定狗的大小</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  美国国家人类基因组研究所首席癌症遗传学家伊莱恩<span lang=EN-US>·</span>奥斯特兰德是这个科研小组的负责人,该论文的作者一共包括国家人类基因组研究所、康奈尔大学、犹他大学等多家机构的<span lang=EN-US>21</span>名科学家。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  这项研究最先开始于论文作者之一,犹他大学的戈登<span lang=EN-US>·</span>拉克教授,几年前,他家的一条葡萄牙水犬<span lang=EN-US>“</span>乔基<span lang=EN-US>”</span>死了,当他想再领养一条新葡萄牙水犬的时候,他了结到这种狗的体型差异非常大,大的可以重达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="75" UnitName="磅"><span lang=EN-US>75</span>磅</st1:chmetcnv>,小得只有<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="25" UnitName="磅"><span lang=EN-US>25</span>磅</st1:chmetcnv>。作为遗传学家,他对这一现象发生了兴趣,因此他启动了<span lang=EN-US>“</span>乔基计划<span lang=EN-US>”</span>,开始研究葡萄牙水犬的基因。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US> <br /><br /></span>  随后,奥斯特兰德等科学家参与进这项研究,并把研究范围扩大到所有的狗。他们对<span lang=EN-US>143</span>个品种的总共<span lang=EN-US> 3241</span>只狗进行了<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>分析,其中包括卷毛比雄犬、吉娃娃犬、马耳他犬、波美罗尼亚犬、玩具贵宾犬、八哥犬、北京犬等小型犬种,以及圣伯纳德犬、纽芬兰犬、 藏獒、大丹犬、爱尔兰猎狼犬和贵宾犬等大型犬种。结果发现,所有小型狗中都存在一种特殊的遗传标记,而这一遗传标记鲜见于大型狗品种中,论文得出结论称:<span lang=EN-US>“</span>这一遗传标记是决定小型狗个头的主要因素。</font><font face=宋体><span lang=EN-US>” <br /><br /></span>  这一遗传标记位于小型狗的第<span lang=EN-US>15</span>号染色体上,包括一段特殊的<span lang=EN-US>DNA</span>调控序列和胰岛素样生长因子<span lang=EN-US>1(IGF1)</span>基因。此前科研人员在以人、老鼠等为对象的研究中发现,胰岛素样生长因子<span lang=EN-US>1</span>与哺乳动物的体型大小以及生长发育有关。 <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;"><font size=3> 小型犬出现较晚</font></span><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  研究人员介绍说,这一特定组合的遗传标记在基因研究中被称作一个</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">单倍型</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。在小型狗的生长发育中,单倍型中的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">DNA</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">调控序列会使狗的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">IGF1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">基因活动减弱,造就了小型狗的较小个头。对于中型或大型狗来说,它们体内也有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">IGF1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">基因,但不像小型狗一样还要受到</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">配套</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">的调控基因管制,因此长个儿时更加</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">自由</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  狗在大约</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前从狼中演化而来,人类大概从</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.5</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前至</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万年前开始驯养狗。由于人类在养狗的时候进行了选择性育种,因此在</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">万多年间形成数百个狗种。拉克还特别指出,小型犬是近几百年才出现的犬种。研究小组说,接下来他们将继续进行狗的</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">DNA</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">分析,找出决定狗的其他特点的基因,比如狗的行为、狗的疾病等是由哪些特定基因掌控的。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  影响:研究狗对人类有益</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  奥斯特兰德在接受采访还表示,他们研究的意义不仅在于发现狗的进化秘密,了解特定基因怎样控制动物生长,还能够帮助科学家发现癌症等疾病细胞的生长原因,因为这些疾病细胞也是由于基因变异而生成的。她还指出,人类在外表、体型、肤色上也是千差万别,该研究也有助于解释其中的奥秘。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  拉克则表示,有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">~</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">300</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">种疾病是人和狗都会得的,包括高血压、自身免疫性疾病以及癌症等。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">狗的生活环境也跟人类基本相同,因此对狗的研究对人类会有很大帮助。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">拉克说。</span></font><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <br /><br /></font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">  美国犬类健康协会的专家杰夫</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">·</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">索萨曼也表示,</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">犬科动物有</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">85%</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; mso-hansi-font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;">的基因于人类相同,因此对狗的研究肯定对人类有益。</span><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman">”</font></span></font></p><p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"></span></font><span lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></span>&nbsp;</p>
发表于 2008-1-15 10:43:47 | 显示全部楼层
<img src="http://www.biaoqing.com/Resource/TuSiJi/5.gif" border=0 />
发表于 2008-1-14 21:57:27 | 显示全部楼层
<p>张知识了<img height=20 src="Images/Emoticons/46.gif" width=20 border=0 /></p>
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-14 15:15:14 | 显示全部楼层
<font size=5>昨天网速挺慢的,两个帖子发从了。</font>
发表于 2008-1-13 20:22:31 | 显示全部楼层
发表于 2008-1-13 20:23:57 | 显示全部楼层
以后研究研究能不能改变基因 嘿嘿 大的变小的 小的变大的 哈哈
 楼主| 发表于 2008-1-13 20:35:04 | 显示全部楼层
<font size=5>也可能,但还是,自然的好。</font>
发表于 2008-1-14 10:48:00 | 显示全部楼层
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